Method for Precoding Using a Block Diagonal Matrix

ABSTRACT

An objective problem of the invention is to provide a mechanism for improving the performance of a radio access network. According to a first aspect of the present invention, the object is achieved by a method in a first node for adapting a multi-antenna transmission to a second node over an effective channel. The first node and the second node are comprised in a wireless communication system. The method comprises the steps of obtaining at least one symbol stream and determining a precoding matrix having a block diagonal structure. The method comprises the further steps of precoding the at least one symbol stream with the determined precoding matrix, and transmitting the at least one precoded symbol stream over the effective channel to the second node.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement in a firstnode and a method and an arrangement in a second node. In particular, itrelates to adaptation of a multi-antenna transmission from the firstnode to the second node over an effective channel.

BACKGROUND

The use of multiple antennas at a transmitter and/or a receiver of anode in a wireless communication system may significantly boost thecapacity and coverage of the wireless communication system. SuchMultiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems exploit the spatialdimension of the communication channel to improve performance by forexample transmitting several parallel information carrying signals,so-called spatial multiplexing. By adapting the transmission to thecurrent channel conditions, significant additional gains may beachieved. One form of adaptation is to dynamically, from oneTransmission Time Interval (TTI) to another, adjust the number ofsimultaneously transmitted information carrying signals to what thechannel may support. This is commonly referred to as transmission rankadaptation. Precoding is another related form of adaptation where thephases and amplitudes of the aforementioned signals are adjusted tobetter fit the current channel properties. Classical beam-forming is aspecial case of precoding in which the phase of an information-carryingsignal is adjusted on each transmit antenna so that all the transmittedsignals add constructively at the receiver.

The signals form a vector-valued signal and the adjustment may bethought of as multiplication by a precoder matrix. The precoder matrixis chosen based on information about the channel properties. A commonapproach is to select the precoder matrix from a finite and countableset, a so-called codebook. Such codebook based precoding is an integralpart of the Long Term Evolution LTE standard and will be supported inMIMO for High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access (WCDMA) as well. The receiver (e.g. UserEquipment, UE) would then typically evaluate all the different precodermatrices in the codebook and signal to the transmitter (e.g. Node B)which element is preferred. The transmitter would then use the signalledinformation, when deciding which precoder matrix to apply. Sincecodebook indices need to be signalled and the receiver needs to select asuitable codebook element, it is important to keep the codebook size assmall as possible. On the other hand, larger codebooks ensure that it ispossible to find an entry that matches the current channel conditionsmore closely.

Codebook based precoding may be seen as a form of channel quantization.Alternatively, methods may be used that compute the precoder matrixwithout resorting to quantization.

The fundamental goal of precoder codebook design is to keep the codebooksize small while still achieving as high performance as possible. Designof the elements in the codebook thus becomes crucial in order to achievethe intended performance.

Different antenna array configurations influence how the codebookelements should be designed. Many existing solutions are designed withspatially uncorrelated channel fading in mind and where each channelcoefficient fades with the same average power. However, such a channelmodel is not sufficiently accurate when cross-polarized antenna arraysare used. Consequently, the existing designs are ill-suited for such aconfiguration—an antenna configuration which is deemed important inpractice.

To understand why existing designs tailored for equal powered channelcoefficients are not efficient for a cross-polarized antenna arraysetup, consider for simplicity a 2×2 MIMO system in which both thetransmitter and the receiver use cross-polarized arrays and the twoorthogonal polarizations are aligned on the transmit and receive side,e.g. a pair of vertically and horizontally polarized antennas on bothsides of the link. The MIMO channel matrix will then be diagonallyheavy, meaning that the on-diagonal elements on average havesubstantially more power than the off-diagonal ones, since the verticaland horizontal polarizations are on average fairly well-separated evenafter experiencing the radion channel and reaching the receiver. Forsuch a channel, an appropriate codebook of minimal size contains theunit vectors and the identity matrix. This ensures that when one-streamtransmission (rank-one transmission) is performed, all the transmitpower may be allocated to the antenna with the strong channel and nopower is wasted on the other antenna, which on average will not be ableto convey significant power to the receiver. The reason for the latteris because of the cross-polarized setup in conjunction with theselection of rank-one transmission, which means the channel matrix willtypically have only one element with a power substantially larger thanzero and that element will lie on the diagonal.

All power should hence be allocated to the antenna which corresponds tothe aforementioned non-zero diagonal element. For a design which targetsa scenario with equal powered channel coefficients, this is howevertypically not the case. Existing codebook designs do however not addressthis issue for the case of more than two antennas and also do notconsider the structure of the codebook for various transmission ranks.

SUMMARY

The objective problem is to provide a mechanism for improving theperformance of a radio link when the effective channel is intentionallyof a block diagonal structure.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, the object isachieved by a method in a first node for adapting a multi-antennatransmission to a second node over an effective channel. The effectivechannel has multiple inputs and at least one output. The first node andthe second node are comprised in a wireless communication system. Themethod comprises the steps of obtaining at least one symbol stream, anddetermining a precoding matrix having a block diagonal structure. Themethod comprises the further steps of precoding the at least one symbolstream with the determined precoding matrix, and transmitting the atleast one precoded symbol stream over the effective channel to thesecond node.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, the object isachieved by a method in a second node for assisting a first node in theadaptation of a multi-antenna transmission from the first node to thesecond node over an effective channel. The effective channel hasmultiple inputs and at least one output. The first node and the secondnode are comprised in a wireless communication system. The methodcomprises the steps of selecting a precoding matrix having a blockdiagonal structure, and conveying the selected precoding matrix to thefirst node. The method comprises the further step of receiving at leastone precoded symbol stream over the effective channel conveyed from thefirst node. The received at least one symbol stream is precoded with thedetermined precoding matrix in the first node.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, the object isachieved by an arrangement in a first node. The first node is arrangedto adapt a multi-antenna transmission to a second node over an effectivechannel. The effective channel has multiple inputs and at least oneoutput. The first node and the second node are comprised in a wirelesscommunication system. The first node arrangement comprises an obtainingunit configured to obtain at least one symbol stream, and adetermination unit configured to determining a precoding matrix having ablock diagonal structure. The first node arrangement further comprises aprecoding unit configured to precode the at least one symbol stream withthe determined precoding matrix, and a transmission unit configured totransmit the at least one precoded symbol stream over the effectivechannel to the second node.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, the object isachieved by an arrangement in a second node. The second node is arrangedto receive a multi-antenna transmission from a first node a over aneffective channel. The effective channel has multiple inputs and atleast one output. The first node and the second node are comprised in awireless communication system. The second node arrangement comprises aselecting unit configured to select a precoding matrix having a blockdiagonal structure, and a conveying unit configured to convey theselected precoding matrix to the first node. The second node arrangementfurther comprises a receiving unit configured to receive at least oneprecoded symbol stream over the effective channel transmitted from thefirst node. The received at least one symbol stream is precoded with thedetermined precoding matrix in the first node.

The advantage by using a precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure for precoding is that when the effective channel matrix isblock diagonal, the use of the precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure adapts the transmission to the block diagonal effectivechannel matrix, implying that the performance of the radio link isimproved.

Advantages of the present invention comprise increases of performance ofthe system such as e.g. bit-rate and/or coverage, at a fixed codebooksize or, alternatively, decreasing codebook size and thus reducingsignalling overhead and complexity of precoder matrix selection. Thepresence of zero-elements in the precoder matrices may also help inreducing the complexity even further when performing precoder selection.Such block diagonal precoder designs do raise the performance whencross-polarized antenna setups are present.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described in more detail with reference to attacheddrawings illustrating exemplary embodiments of the invention and inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of awireless communication system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of awireless communication system.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a firstnode.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating embodiments of a method in a firstnode.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a firstnode arrangement.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating embodiments of a method in a secondnode.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a secondnode arrangement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is defined as a method and an arrangement which may be putinto practice in the embodiments described below.

FIG. 1 depicts a first node 100 in a wireless communication system 110.The wireless communication system 110 may be a cellular system and/or asystem such as e.g. Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved—UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA),Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, Ultra MobileWideband (UMB) or any other wireless communication system usingtechnologies that perform adaptation between different forms oftransmission and use multiple antennas. The first node 100 is arrangedto communicate with a second node 120 in the wireless communicationsystem 110 over an effective channel 130. The effective channeltypically does not only comprise a physical multi-antenna radio channel.It may also comprise parts of the Radio Frequency (RF) and base bandparts in the first node 100 and the second node 120 such as transmit andreceive filters, feeder cables, antenna responses and various digitaland analog filters in the base band processing. A linear andtime-invariant MIMO filter may be used to model the input-outputrelation of the effective channel. For sufficiently narrowbandtransmissions, a single matrix may be used for describing the filter.Such a channel matrix description also holds for modelling the channelover a subcarrier, (or several subcarriers as long they span a bandwidthwhich is small compared with the coherence bandwidth of the channel) inan Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system such as e.g.LTE. The first node 100 may be any type of a base station such as e.g. aNodeB as in LTE. The second node 120 may be a user equipment (UE) suchas e.g. a mobile phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a laptop. Itmay also be the other way around, that the first node 100 may be a UEsuch as e.g. a mobile phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and thesecond node 120 may be any type of a base station such as e.g. a NodeB.In the example of FIG. 1, the first node 100 is a base station and thesecond node 120 is a user equipment. In addition, the first node 100 andthe second node 120 may constitute arbitrary wireless devices incommunication with each other and with no particular hierarchicalordering.

The first node 100 uses a multiple antenna system, i.e. uses multipleantennas for its transmission to the second node 120. The second node120 may also use a multiple antenna system for reception of the firstnode's transmission. This is thus a MIMO system, which includes thespecial case of only one receive antenna. FIG. 2 illustrates someembodiments wherein the first node 100 and a second node 120 are eachusing a multiple antenna system comprising four antennas. Referring toFIG. 2, the first node 100 obtains an information carrying signal 140being represented by a sequence of information bits, which informationis to be conveyed to the second node 120 over the effective channel 130FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the first node 100 as being thetransmitting node (Tx) and the second node 120 as being the receivingnode (Rx), the first node 100 and the second node 120 may use amultiple-antenna system 150, resulting in a MIMO link. In this examplethe first node 100 comprises four transmit antennas 160 1, 2, 3 and 4,e.g. a base station with four transmit antennas, and the second node 120comprises four receive antennas 170 1, 2, 3 and 4, e.g. a user equipmentwith four receive antennas.

In the example of FIG. 2, the first node 100 comprises an encoding unit162, a post precoding unit 163 and four radio transmitter units 164. Theencoding unit 162 is arranged to receive the information carrying signal140 to be transmitted. The encoding unit 162 may further be arranged topossibly demultiplex the information bits into one or severalinformation bit sequences, code these information bit sequences usingsome channel code (e.g. turbo code, LDPC code, convolutional code),modulate the coded bits to produce symbols, map the symbols to asequence of information carrying symbol vectors and precode theinformation carrying symbol vectors and finally forward the result to apossible post precoding unit 163. The post-precoding unit may in thesimplest of cases just forward the precoded signal or it might processit in some way, e.g. perform digital filtering in baseband, beforeoutputting possibly processed signals for transmission utilizing theradio transmitter units 164, using the respective transmit antennas 1601, 2, 3 and 4 for transmitting the precoded signal to the second node120. It is appreciated that the basic functions of the transmitter arewell known for a skilled person and not described in detail. Thetransmitter in this example may support techniques such as SDMA, SDMAprecoding, MIMO, MIMO precoding, and/or MIMO-SDMA.

In the example of FIG. 2, the second node 120 comprises a pre-processingunit 171, a decoding demodulation unit 172 and four radio receiver units174. The second node is arranged to receive from the first node 100, theprecoded signal by means of the receive antennas 1701, 2, 3 and 4, thepre-processing unit 171 and the radio receiver units 174. Thepre-processing unit 171 may implement various processing steps that arenot dependent on which precoder matrix is being used for thetransmission, e.g. it may perform filtering in base band or simplyforward the signals unaltered to the decoding demodulation unit 172. Inthe latter case, the pre-processing unit 171 may alternatively beconsidered not to be present. The decoding demodulation unit 172 may bearranged to receive the coded signal from the pre-processing unit 171.The decoding demodulation unit 172 may further be arranged to demodulatethe coded signal to data bits. It is appreciated that the basicfunctions of the receiver are well known for a skilled person and notdescribed in detail herein.

It should also be noticed that both receiver in the second node 120 andtransmitter in the first node 100 may alter operation mode functioningas transmitter and receive, respectively.

Precoding

As already indicated, the encoding unit 162 in the first node 100 can befurther subdivided into two parts, corresponding to a coding andmodulation unit 300 and a precoding unit 310, such as e.g. a precoder.An example of a coding and modulation unit 300 and a precoding unit 310is depicted in FIG. 3. The coding and modulation unit takes informationbits as input and produces a sequence of information carrying symbolvectors, i.e. a vector-valued information-carrying signal as output. Theinformation carrying symbol vectors can be seen as one or several symbolstreams in parallel where each element of each vector s thus belongs toa certain symbol stream. The different symbol streams are commonlyreferred to as layers and at any given moment there are r different suchlayers corresponding to a transmission rank of r. Thus, the signal to betransmitted to the second node 120 over the effective channel 130comprises at least one symbol stream (or layer). The r symbols in aparticular r×1 information carrying symbol vector s is subsequentlymultiplied by an N_(T)×r precoder matrix W_(N) _(T) _(×r), where N_(T)denotes the number of inputs (e.g. number of transmit antennas, numberof antenna ports etc) of the effective channel. Hence, the mentionedprecoding operation forwards the resulting output to the post-processingunit 163 and the post-processing unit 163 can thus be considered to bepart of the effective channel. The first node 100 determines a precodingmatrix having a block diagonal structure, which will be furtherdescribed below. This may be performed by choosing a precoding matrix tomatch the characteristics of the effective channel, i.e., to match anN_(R)×N_(T) MIMO effective channel matrix H. The precoder matrix W_(N)_(T) _(×r) may thus depend on the value of the effective channel H. Ther information carrying symbols in s are typically complex-valued.Support of rank adaptation allows the number of simultaneouslytransmitted symbol streams, r, to be set to suit the current channelcharacteristics. Subsequent to precoding, the signals are conveyed overthe effective channel H and received by an antenna array with N_(R)elements. The receiver possibly processes the signals by means of thepre-processing unit 171. Neither the post-processing unit 163 nor thepre-processing unit 171 typically introduces processing in the spatialdomain that depends on the instantaneous channel conditions asdetermined by the fast fading introduced by the physical channel.Collecting the signals into an N_(R)×1 vector y and considering thesignals over a sufficiently narrow bandwidth, compared with thecoherence bandwidth of the effective channel, gives the model

y=HW _(N) _(T) _(×r) S+e

where e is usually modelled as a noise vector obtained as realizationsof some random process and where the output of the effective channelthus corresponds to the output of pre-processing unit 171 (the latterwhich may be transparent). This model obviously also holds for OFDMsystems (e.g. LTE, WiMaX etc) where it typically can be applied on asubcarrier basis.

Effective Channel Matrix, H

Referring again to FIG. 2 the first node 100 comprises a multi-antennasystem where at least one antenna emits radio waves in a certainpolarization direction and at least one other antenna emits energy inthe orthogonal polarization direction. Such a dual-, or cross-,polarized antenna setup may thus contain a group of co-polarizedantennas and another group of co-polarized antennas orthogonallypolarized relative the former group. “Co-polarization” means theantennas are transmitting with the same polarization. Under idealline-of-sight conditions, assuming ideal antenna responses and a similardual-polarized antenna setup at the receive side, the cross-polarizedantenna set-up results in a block diagonal effective channel matrix,which will be further explained below. In the example of FIG. 2, thefirst two transmit antennas 160, 1 and 2, are horizontally polarized andthe remaining two, 3 and 4, are vertically polarized. The co-polarizedantennas in the transmit array may be spaced sufficiently far apart sothat the fading is roughly uncorrelated. As mentioned above, theeffective channel may be modelled using an effective channel matrix.Without loss of generality, by appropriately reordering the transmit andreceive antenna elements, the 4×4 effective channel matrix H, then tendsto have the block-diagonal structure according to:

$H = \begin{bmatrix}h_{11} & h_{12} & 0 & 0 \\h_{21} & h_{22} & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & h_{33} & h_{34} \\0 & 0 & h_{43} & h_{44}\end{bmatrix}$

With such a block-diagonal effective channel matrix, signals transmittedon antennas 160 1 and 2 in the first node 100, do not reach receiveantennas 170 3 and 4, and, correspondingly, signals from transmitantennas 160 3 and 4 do not reach receive antennas 170 1 and 2. Thisimplies, as depicted in FIG. 2, for the first two transmit antennas 160,1 and 2 being horizontally polarized that the complex-valued channelcoefficient h₁₁ represents the effective channel involving the physicalchannel between transmit antenna 160 1 and receive antenna 170 1,

the complex-valued channel coefficient h₁₂ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 2and receive antenna 170 1,the complex-valued channel coefficient h₂₁ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 1and receive antenna 170 2,the complex-valued channel coefficient h₂₂ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 2and receive antenna 170 2.

This further implies, as depicted in FIG. 2, for the remaining twotransmit antennas 160, 3 and 4 being vertically polarized that

the complex-valued channel coefficient h₃₃ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 3and receive antenna 170 3,the complex-valued channel coefficient h₃₄ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 4and receive antenna 170 3,the complex-valued channel coefficient h₄₃ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 3and receive antenna 170 4, andthe complex-valued channel coefficient h₄₄ represents the effectivechannel involving the physical channel between transmit antenna 160 4and receive antenna 170 4.

The general meaning of a block diagonal effective channel matrix is thatit tends to have the structure

$H = \begin{bmatrix}H_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{2} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{1}}^{(1)} & Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{1} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{2}} & \ldots & Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{1} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{K}} \\Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{2} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{1}} & H_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{2} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{2}}^{(2)} & \vdots & \vdots \\\vdots & \ldots & \ddots & Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{K - 1} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{K}} \\Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{K} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{1}} & \ldots & Z_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{K} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{k - 1}} & H_{{\overset{\sim}{M}}_{K} \times {\overset{\sim}{L}}_{K}}^{(K)}\end{bmatrix}$

where the matrix can be subdivided into off-diagonal {tilde over(M)}_(k)×{tilde over (L)}_(k), blocks Z_({tilde over (M)}) ₁_(×{tilde over (L)}) ₂ , k=1, 2, . . . , K≠1, 2, . . . , K andon-diagonal {tilde over (M)}_(k)×{tilde over (L)}_(k), blocksH_({tilde over (M)}) _(k) _(×{tilde over (L)}) _(k) ^((k)), k=1, 2, . .. , K of possibly varying sizes. The effective channel is defined to beblock diagonal if it can be rearranged by means of appropriate row andcolumn permutations to have a form as above such that the average powers(as averaged over sufficiently long time-period so that the fast fadingis averaged out) of the channel coefficients in the off-diagonal blocksZ_({tilde over (M)}) ₁ _(×{tilde over (L)}) ₂ are significantly lowerthan the average powers of the channel coefficients in the on-diagonalblocks H_({tilde over (M)}) _(k) _(×{tilde over (L)}) _(k) ^((k)). Suchsignificantly lower power would e.g occur if a cross-polarized antennasetup is used in the first node 100 and a similar cross-polarizedantenna setup is used in the second node 120. The difference in averagepower between channel coefficients on the block diagonal and off theblock diagonal is often, depending on the propagation scenario, around 6dB or substantially higher. Even if the antenna setup used in the secondnode 120 is not exactly cross-polarized, the power differences may stillbe significant. The effective channel is referred to as intentionallyblock diagonal if the antenna setup is arranged such that it is possibleto obtain a block diagonal effective channel as defined above withoutusing any processing in the post pre-coding unit 163 and thepre-processing unit 171 that tracks the instantaneous spatial properties(i.e. properties introduced by fast fading) of the physical channels.One example of when such an intentionally block diagonal effectivechannel arises was given previously herein for the 4×4 case, where twohorizontally and two vertically polarized antennas were used for thetransmission in the first node and similarly for the correspondingreception in the second node and where the post pre-coding unit 163 andthe pre-processing unit 171 are both transparent.

Precoding Matrix Having a Block Diagonal Structure.

The first node 100 determines a precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure. The determined precoding matrix is to be used for precodingthe at least one symbol stream (i.e., one or more layers) to betransmitted to the second node 120. The determination may be performedby choosing the precoding matrix to match the characteristics of theeffective channel modelled as the effective channel matrix H. Theadvantage by using a precoding matrix having a block diagonal structurefor precoding is that when the effective channel matrix is blockdiagonal, the use of the precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure adapts the transmission to the block diagonal effectivechannel matrix. It also works well to use a precoding matrix having ablock diagonal structure in cases when effective channel matrix is notblock diagonal, the performance might however be better with anotherprecoder structure. In any case, for these latter cases, thetransmission will be adapted to the non-block diagonal effective channelmatrix.

Codebook

In some embodiments the first node 100 comprises a codebook 180. In someembodiments the second node 120 comprises a code book 190. The firstnode 100 may perform the determination by selecting the precoding matrixhaving a block diagonal structure from a codebook comprised in the firstnode 100 or receive from the second node 120 a recommended precodingmatrix having a block diagonal structure from a codebook comprised inthe second node 120. The codebook 180, 190 comprises precoding matriceswhere each precoding matrix may correspond to different multipletransmission modes or forms of spatial processing, e.g., channeldependent precoding, MIMO precoding. SDMA, SDMA with precoding,MIMO-SDMA, etc. Such information may be pre-defined. The codebook 180,190 may further in addition to precoder matrices/vectors comprise manyother parameters such as, transmission ranks, modulation choices,transport block sizes, powers and/or channelization codes etc. In someembodiments the codebook comprises a precoder where the transmissionrank is implicitly given by the size of the precoder matrix. Thecodebook 180, 190 is suitable for a block diagonal effective channelmatrix in that the codebook 180, 190 comprises one or more precodingmatrices having a block diagonal structure. Such a block diagonalchannel matrix might for example arise in an antenna setup where boththe first node 100 and the second node 120 are equipped withcross-polarized antennas, and in particular if the polarizations of theantennas are vertically and horizontally oriented as mentioned above.The codebook 180, 190 may further comprise precoding matrices having anon-block diagonal structure. However, according to the present method,the first node 100 or second node is free to select a precoding matrixhaving a block diagonal from the codebook. In some embodiments thecodebook is designed such that it does not waste precoding matrices,also called codebook elements, on quantizing channel coefficients whichare zero (in practice they will be non-zero or relatively small incomparison with the channel coefficients on the block diagonal) and, forsome transmission ranks, not wasting transmission power on thosenear-zero elements.

The codebooks 180 and 190 may be known a priori by both the first node100 and the second node 120. The transmitter in the first node 100 may,for example, notify the receiver in the second node 120 of its codebook180. A suitable codebook structure will also in some sense be blockdiagonal. One example of such a block diagonal codebook C is given inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Example of a codebook C with precoder matrices having a blockdiagonal structure. Tx Rank r Codebook per Rank 1 ${{\begin{bmatrix}v_{l} \\0 \\0\end{bmatrix} \cdot l} = {0 \cdot \ldots}}\mspace{11mu},5,\begin{bmatrix}0 \\0 \\v_{l^{\prime}}\end{bmatrix},{l^{\prime} = 0},\ldots \mspace{11mu},5,{where}$$v_{l} \in \left\{ {\begin{bmatrix}1 \\0\end{bmatrix},{{{\begin{bmatrix}0 \\1\end{bmatrix}.\begin{bmatrix}1 \\{\exp \left( {{j{2\pi}k}/4} \right)}\end{bmatrix}} \cdot k} = {0 \cdot \ldots}}\mspace{11mu},3} \right\}$ 2${{\left\lbrack {\begin{matrix}v_{l} \\\; \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0 \\v_{l^{\prime}} \\\;\end{matrix}} \right\rbrack \cdot l} = 0},\ldots \mspace{11mu},5,{l^{\prime} = 0},{\ldots \mspace{14mu} \cdot 5}$3 ${{\left\lbrack {\begin{matrix}v_{l} \\\; \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0 \\1 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0 \\0 \\1\end{matrix}} \right\rbrack \cdot l} = 0},\ldots \mspace{11mu},{5.\left\lbrack {\begin{matrix}1 \\0 \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\1 \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0 \\v_{l^{\prime}} \\\;\end{matrix}} \right\rbrack},{l^{\prime} = 0},{\ldots \mspace{11mu} \cdot 5}$4 $\left\lbrack {\begin{matrix}1 \\0 \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\1 \\0 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0 \\1 \\0\end{matrix}\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}0 \\0\end{matrix} \\0\end{matrix} \\1\end{matrix}} \right\rbrack$As seen from Table 1, there are separate precoder matrices for each ofthe four possible transmission ranks (Tx Rank) r. In Table 1, v₁ may forexample belong to the set of vectors displayed under the rank one rowand as seen contain four vectors suitable for beam forming (the fourlast in the set).

Table 1 relates to a codebook structure suitable for a block diagonaleffective MIMO channel, which may for example arise when two spatiallyseparated cross polarized antenna pairs (large inter-pair distance,further optimizations can be done if distance is small) are used in boththe first node 100 and the second node 120 in conjunction with forexample a Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) kind of transmission. Multi-userMIMO (MU-MIMO) is obviously also possible since several individual linksin MU-MIMO can for the purpose herein be viewed together as a singleMIMO link. For notational simplicity, the scaling of the matrices,needed so as to keep the total transmission power constant regardless ofthe selected precoding matrix, has intentionally been left out in thetable.

Thus a precoder matrix W_(N) _(T) _(×r) to use for the transmission isselected among the matrices given in the exemplified codebook C. Itshould be noted that it is essentially the placement of zeros in thecodebook that is the important part of the structure. A block diagonalprecoder matrix W_(N) _(T) _(×r) can in general be written as

$W = \begin{bmatrix}W_{M_{1} \times L_{1}}^{(1)} & 0_{M_{1} \times L_{2}} & \ldots & 0_{M_{1} \times L_{K}} \\0_{M_{2} \times L_{1}} & W_{M_{2} \times L_{2}}^{(2)} & \vdots & \vdots \\\vdots & \ldots & \ddots & 0_{M_{K - 1} \times L_{K}} \\0_{M_{K} \times L_{1}} & \ldots & 0_{M_{K} \times L_{K - 1}} & W_{M_{K} \times L_{K}}^{(K)}\end{bmatrix}$

where as seen only the M_(k)×L_(k) blocks W_(M) _(k) _(×L) _(k) ^((k)),k=1, 2 . . . K of possibly varying sizes on the diagonal (in the blockdomain) may contain non-zero elements. A precoder matrix is consideredblock diagonal if its columns and rows can be permuted so as to achievethe above form. The rank three case in Table 1 shows an example wherethe six first precoder matrices have the structure

$W = \begin{bmatrix}W_{2 \times 1}^{(1)} & 0_{2 \times 2} \\0_{2 \times 1} & W_{2 \times 2}^{(2)}\end{bmatrix}$

and thus the block sizes vary in order to support the rank adaptationwhich in this case dictates three columns in the precoder matrices. Alsonote that a block may be of size 1×1. Thus, the identity matrix for rank4 can also be considered to have a block diagonal structure.

Considering the exact values of the non-zero elements, one possibilityis to design and/or select the precoder independently on the twopolarizations but a joint design selection may be advantageous, (just asvector quantization is better than scalar quantization or a an algorithmattempting to jointly solve multiple connected problems has potential toperform better than separately solving the different problems). Itshould be noted that the block diagonal structure of the intentionallyblock diagonal effective channel carries over to a somewhat similarblock diagonal structure of the precoder matrices—similar in the sensethat the number of rows M_(k) in each block W_(M) _(k) _(×L) _(k)^((k)), of the precoder matrix equals the number of columns {tilde over(L)}_(k) in the corresponding block H_({tilde over (M)}) ₁_(×{tilde over (L)}) ₁ ⁽¹⁾ of the intentionally block diagonal effectivechannel, whereas the number of columns L_(k) may be different asexemplified for rank three above. It should also be noted that theprecoder elements in the codebook vary from one transmission rank toanother.

This block diagonal precoder structure is easily generalized to anynumber of transmit and receive antennas as illustrated above and issuitable for intentionally block diagonal effective channel matrices,that may arise for example when the antennas at the transmitter may begrouped into co-polarized and cross-polarized sets (e.g. horizontal andvertical polarizations) and similarly for the receiver. Permutations ofthe rows and columns of the precoder matrices should not be seen as adifferent structure just as reordering of the antennas or layers may bedone without loss of generality. Any system whose effective channelmatrix may be written on a block diagonal form may benefit from such acodebook structure. A codebook may also contain additional precoderelements that are not block diagonal. This may be beneficial formatching the precoder to effective channel realizations that e.g.momentarily are rather far from being block diagonal.

The method steps in the first node 100 for adapting a multi-antennatransmission to the second node 120 over an effective channel accordingto some embodiments will now be described with reference to a flowchartdepicted in FIG. 4. The effective channel has multiple inputs and atleast one output, corresponding to e.g. multiple transmit antennas inthe first node 100 and at least one receive antenna in the second node120. As is evident from the data model described above, the effectivechannel H comprises not only the physical channel but also the effectsof any additional processing subsequent to the precoder operation in thetransmitter of the first node 100, e.g. transmit filters. Similarly, theeffective channel may also include parts of the receiver in the secondnode 120, e.g. receive filters. In some embodiments the transmission isadapted to a block diagonal effective channel. The method is applicablefor adapting transmissions over any effective channel matrix. In theembodiments wherein an intentionally block diagonal effective channelmatrix is used, the transmission is adapted to the intentionally blockdiagonal effective channel matrix. This is highly advantageousbecause 1) transmission energy is not wasted on inputs of theintentionally block diagonal effective channel which are not useful tothe receiver in the second node, 2) the transmission is such that itdoes not mix the symbol streams/layers which otherwise would bewell-separated by the intentionally block diagonal effective channel.

In some embodiments the first node 100 comprises a multi-antenna systemwith antenna set-up of cross-polarized antennas being used for wirelesscommunication with the second node 120, where the second node 120 isalso using a cross-polarized antenna setup for the reception of thesignals transmitted from the first node 100

The cross-polarized antenna set-up results in an intentionally blockdiagonal effective channel matrix. One particular example of when thisoccurs is if the two orthogonal polarization directions used in thefirst node 100 matches the two polarization directions in the secondnode 120, such as e.g. if two pairs of horizontally and verticallypolarized antennas are used in the first as well as in the second node.

The effective channel may comprise processing steps subsequent to theprecoding operation in addition to the physical channel and possibleprocessing steps in the second node 120, e.g. transmit and receivefilters. In some embodiments the number of outputs of the effectivechannel is at least two. The method comprising the steps of:

-   401. The first node obtains at least one symbol stream. The symbol    stream is intended to be transmitted to the second node 120 over the    effective channel. In some embodiments the effective channel    comprises more than two inputs. In this case this step is involves    performing transmission rank adaptation in the sense of selecting    the number of symbol streams to match the characteristics of the    effective channel.-   402. This step is optional. In some embodiments the first node 100    receives channel information from the second node 120. Channel    information is in general a quantity which is statistically related    to the effective channel. Examples of channel information includes    channel estimates, quantized channel estimates, precoder    recommendations etc. In particular, the received channel information    may be a precoding matrix that the second node 120 has recommended    the first node 100 to use. In some embodiments the channel    information comprises channel estimates that can be used by the    first node 100 for determining a suitable precoder matrix for the    transmission.-   403. In this step the first node 100 determines a precoding matrix    having a block diagonal structure.    -   In some embodiments this step is performed based on maximising        predicted throughput in the step of transmission by determining        a precoder matrix that maximizes the predicted throughput or a        related measure, e.g. selecting the, in this sense, best        precoder matrix from the codebook. This serves to improve also        the actual throughput/performance of the system.    -   In some further embodiments this step may be performed based on        maximising the Signal to Noise Ratio that the second node 120        will see when receiving the transmission from the first node        100. This way of improving the Signal to Noise Ratio also serves        to improve the overall performance of the system and may        ultimately be exploited for increasing the throughput    -   In some embodiments the first node comprises a code book. In        this case this step may be performed by selecting the precoding        matrix from the code book.    -   The codebook may comprise separate precoding matrices for each        of the respective possible transmission ranks as can be seen        from e.g. Table 1. In some embodiments, for each transmission        rank, a majority of the precoder matrices are block diagonal in        the codebook 180.    -   This step of determining the precoding matrix may also be        performed by basing the determination on measurements carried        out in the a reverse link, i.e. measurements in the first node        100 of received signals originating from transmissions from the        second node 120, and/or exploiting channel reciprocity        properties. Channel reciprocity means that the channel, or        certain properties of the channel, is similar in the forward        (from first node 100 to second node 120) and reverse (from        second node 120 to first node 100) links. The measurements on a        reverse link may comprise a channel estimate.    -   In some embodiments the first node 100 has received channel        information from the second node 120 in the optional step 402.        In these embodiments this step of determining the precoding        matrix is performed based on the channel information received        from the second node 120.-   404. The first node 100 precodes the at least one symbol stream with    the determined precoding matrix.-   405. The first node 100 then transmits the at least one precoded    symbol stream over the effective channel to the second node 120. In    some embodiments the transmission of the precoded at least one    symbol stream in the first node 100 is conducted using a    multi-antenna system with a cross-polarized antenna set-up and the    reception of the precoded at least one symbol stream in the second    node 120 is carried out via the use of a multi-antenna system, which    multi-antenna systems result in an intentionally block diagonal    effective channel matrix.

To perform the method steps above, the first node 100 comprises anarrangement 500 depicted in FIG. 5. As mentioned above, the first node100 and the second node 120 are comprised in the wireless communicationsystem 110.

The first node 100 is arranged to adapt a transmission to the secondnode 120 over an effective channel. The effective channel has multipleinputs and at least one output. In some embodiments the number ofoutputs of the effective channel is at least two.

The first node arrangement 500 comprises an obtaining unit 510configured to obtain at least one symbol stream. In some embodiments theeffective channel comprises more than two inputs. In this case theobtaining unit 510 further is configured to involve performingtransmission rank adaptation in the sense of selecting the number ofsymbol streams to match the characteristics of the effective channel.

The first node arrangement 500 comprises a determination unit 520configured to determining a precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure.

In some embodiments the determination unit 520 further is configured tobase the determination of the precoding matrix on maximising of apredicted throughput of the transmission.

In some embodiments the determination unit 520 further is configured tobase the determination of the precoding matrix on a maximising of theSignal to Noise Ratio that the second node 120 will experience whenreceiving the transmission from the first node 100.

The determination unit 520 may further be configured to base thedetermination of the precoding matrix on maximising of the Signal toNoise Ratio that the second node 120 will receive when performing atransmission.

In some embodiments the determination unit 520 further is configured toselect the precoding matrix from a code book 180. In some embodimentsthe codebook comprises separate precoding matrices for each of therespective possible transmission ranks. In some embodiments, for eachtransmission rank, a majority of the precoder matrices are blockdiagonal in the codebook 180.

In some embodiments, the determination unit 520 further is configured tobase the determination on measurements on a reverse link and/orexploiting channel reciprocity properties. The measurements on a reverselink may comprise a channel estimate.

The first node arrangement 500 further comprises a precoding unit 300configured to precode the at least one symbol stream with the determinedprecoding matrix.

The first node arrangement 500 also comprises a transmission unit 540configured to transmit the precoded at least one symbol stream over theeffective channel to the second node 120.

The first node arrangement 400 may comprise a receiving unit 550configured to receive channel information from the second node 120.

The determination unit 520 may further be configured to determine theprecoding matrix based on the channel information received from thesecond node 120.

The received channel information may be a recommended precoding matrix.In some embodiments the channel information comprises a channelestimate.

In some embodiments the transmitted at least one precoded symbol streamis adapted to a block diagonal effective channel.

In some embodiments transmission of the precoded at least one symbolstream in the first node 100 is arranged to be conducted using amulti-antenna system with a cross-polarized antenna set-up comprised inthe first node 100, and wherein the reception of the precoded at leastone symbol streams in the second node 120 is arranged to be carried outvia the use of a multi-antenna system comprised in the second node 120,which multi-antenna systems result in an intentionally block diagonaleffective channel.

The method steps in the second node 100 for adapting a multi-antennatransmission from a first node to a second node 120 over an effectivechannel in a wireless communication system 110 according to someembodiments will now be described with reference to a flowchart depictedin FIG. 6. The effective channel has multiple inputs and at least oneoutput. In some embodiments the transmission is adapted to a blockdicode bookagonal effective channel.

In some embodiments the second node 120 comprises a multi-antenna systemwith antenna set-up of cross-polarized antennas being used for wirelesscommunication with the first node 100, where the first node 100 is alsousing a cross-polarized antenna setup for the transmission of thesignals received by the second node 120. The cross-polarized antennaset-up results in an intentionally block diagonal effective channel. Oneparticular example of when this occurs is if the two orthogonalpolarization directions used in the first node 100 matches the twopolarization directions in the second node 120, such as e.g. if twopairs of horizontally and vertically polarized antennas are used in thefirst as well as in the second node The method comprises the steps of:

-   601. The second node 100 selects a precoding matrix having a block    diagonal structure.    -   In some embodiments this step is performed based on maximising a        predicted throughput in the step of receiving the transmission        of the at least one precoded from the first node 100.    -   This step may also be performed based on maximising the Signal        to Noise Ratio that the second node 120 will receive in the next        step 502 of receiving the at least one precoded symbol stream        from the first node 100.    -   In some embodiments this step may be performed by optimizing a        performance related criterion function over a feasible set of        precoder matrices. The precoder matrix giving the highest        performance, as measured by the performance related criterion        function, would then be selected in order to improve the actual        performance.    -   In some embodiments this step is performed by selecting the        precoding matrix from a code book. This may be performed in the        same way as in the method of the first node 100 described above.    -   In some embodiments the codebook comprises separate precoding        matrices for each of the respective possible transmission ranks.        This may also be performed in the same way as in the method of        the first node 100 described above.    -   In some embodiments, for each transmission rank, a majority of        the precoder matrices are block diagonal in the codebook 180.-   602. In this step the second node 120 conveys the selected precoding    matrix to the first node 120.-   603. The second node 120 then receives the at least one precoded    symbol stream over the effective channel conveyed from the first    node 100. The received at least one symbol stream is precoded with    the determined precoding matrix in the first node 100.

As mentioned above, the transmission of the precoded at least one symbolstream in the first node 100 may be conducted using a multi-antennasystem with a cross-polarized antenna set-up and the reception of theprecoded at least one symbol stream in the second node 120 may becarried out via the use of a multi-antenna system, which multi-antennasystems result in an intentionally block diagonal effective channelmatrix.

To perform the method steps above, the second node 120 comprises anarrangement 700 depicted in FIG. 7. As mentioned above, the second node120 is arranged to receive a multi-antenna transmission from a firstnode 100 a over an effective channel. The effective channel has multipleinputs and at least one output. The first node 100 and the second node120 are comprised in the wireless communication system 110.

The second node arrangement 700 comprises a selecting unit 710configured to select a precoding matrix having a block diagonalstructure.

The selecting unit 710 may further be configured to base the selectionof the precoding matrix on a maximising of a predicted throughput of thetransmission of the received at least one precoded symbol stream fromthe first node 100.

In some embodiments the selecting unit 710 is configured to base theselection of the precoding matrix on a maximising of the Signal to NoiseRatio that the second node 120 will receive when receiving the at leastone precoded symbol stream from the first node 100.

The selecting unit 710 may further be configured to select the precodingmatrix from a codebook 190. In some embodiments the codebook comprisesseparate precoding matrices for each of the respective possibletransmission ranks. The codebook 190 may comprise a separate precodingmatrix for each of the respective possible transmission ranks. In someembodiments, for each transmission rank, a majority of the precodermatrices are block diagonal in the codebook 180.

In some embodiments the selecting unit 710 further is configured tooptimize a performance related criterion function over a feasible set ofprecoder matrices.

The second node arrangement 600 further comprises a conveying unit 720configured to convey the selected precoding matrix to the first node120.

The second node arrangement 600 further comprises a receiving unit 730configured to receive at least one precoded symbol stream over theeffective channel transmitted from the first node 100. The received atleast one symbol stream is precoded with the determined precoding matrixin the first node 100.

In some embodiments, the transmitted at least one precoded symbol streamis adapted to a block diagonal effective channel matrix.

In some embodiments transmission of the precoded at least one symbolstream in the first node 100 is arranged to be conducted using amulti-antenna system with a cross-polarized antenna set-up comprised inthe first node 100, wherein the reception of the precoded at least onesymbol streams in the second node 120 is arranged to be carried out viathe use of a multi-antenna system comprised in the second node 120,which multi-antenna systems result in an intentionally block diagonaleffective channel matrix.

Some embodiments of the present method may be described in the followinggeneral way. A method comprising determining at least one codebookelement corresponding to a beam forming matrix in a MIMO transmitterhaving N×N antennas. The antennas being grouped into cross-polarizedsets of antennas. The method comprising selecting a precoding channelmatrix having a block-diagonal structure.

Precoding for multi-antenna systems can more generally be described asmultiplying a vector-valued information-carrying signal with a precodermatrix, which vector-valued information-carrying signal in this documentis termed a symbol stream or symbols streams. The latter mayalternatively be referred to as layer or layers, respectively.

The present mechanism for adapting a transmission from a first node 100to a second node 120 over an effective channel may be implementedthrough one or more processors, such as a processor 560 in the firstnode arrangement 500 depicted in FIG. 5 or the processor 740 in thesecond node arrangement 700 depicted in FIG. 7, together with computerprogram code for performing the functions of the present solution. Theprogram code mentioned above may also be provided as a computer programproduct, for instance in the form of a data carrier carrying computerprogram code for performing the present solution when being loaded intothe first node 100 or the second node 120. One such carrier may be inthe form of a CD ROM disc. It is however feasible with other datacarriers such as a memory stick. The computer program code canfurthermore be provided as pure program code on a server and downloadedto first node 100 or second node 120 remotely.

When using the word “comprise” or “comprising” it shall be interpretedas non-limiting, i.e. meaning “consist at least of”.

The present invention is not limited to the above described preferredembodiments. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may beused. Therefore, the above embodiments should not be taken as limitingthe scope of the invention, which is defined by the appending claims.

1-52. (canceled)
 53. A method in a first node for adapting amulti-antenna transmission to a second node over an effective channel,the effective channel having multiple inputs and at least one output,the first node and the second node being included in a wirelesscommunication system, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining atleast one symbol stream; determining a precoding matrix having a blockdiagonal structure; precoding the at least one symbol stream with thedetermined precoding matrix; and transmitting the precoded at least onesymbol stream over the effective channel to the second node.
 54. Themethod according to claim 53, wherein the effective channel comprisesmore than two inputs and wherein the step of obtaining at least onesymbol stream involves performing transmission rank adaptation in thesense of selecting the number of symbol streams to match thecharacteristics of the effective channel.
 55. The method according toclaim 53, wherein the number of outputs of the effective channel is atleast two.
 56. The method according to claim 53, wherein thetransmission is adapted to a block diagonal effective channel.
 57. Themethod according to claim 53, wherein the effective channel isintentionally block-diagonal and wherein the transmission is adapted toan intentionally block diagonal effective channel.
 58. The methodaccording to claim 53, wherein the transmission of the precoded at leastone symbol streams in the first node is conducted using a multi-antennasystem with a cross-polarized antenna set-up, and the reception of theprecoded at least one symbol streams in the second node is carried outvia the use of a multi-antenna system, which multi-antenna systemsresult in an intentionally block diagonal effective channel matrix. 59.The method according to claim 53, wherein the step of determining theprecoding matrix is performed based on maximizing predicted throughputin the step of transmission.
 60. The method according to claim 53,wherein the step of determining the precoding matrix is based onmaximizing the Signal to Noise Ratio that the second node will receivein step of transmission.
 61. The method according to claim 53, whereinthe step of determining the precoding matrix is performed by selectingthe precoding matrix from a code book.
 62. The method according to claim61, wherein the codebook comprises separate precoding matrices for eachof the respective possible transmission ranks.
 63. The method accordingto claim 53, wherein, for each transmission rank, a majority of theprecoder matrices are block diagonal in the codebook (180).
 64. Themethod according to claim 53, comprising the further step of receivingchannel information from the second node, and wherein the step ofdetermining the precoding matrix is performed based on the channelinformation received from the second node.
 65. A method in a second nodefor assisting a first node in the adaptation of a multi-antennatransmission from the first node to the second node over an effectivechannel, the effective channel having multiple inputs and at least oneoutput, the first node and the second node being included in a wirelesscommunication system, the method comprising the steps of: selecting aprecoding matrix having a block diagonal structure; conveying theselected precoding matrix to the first node; and receiving at least oneprecoded symbol stream over the effective channel conveyed from thefirst node, which received symbol stream is precoded with the determinedprecoding matrix in the first node.
 66. The method according to claim65, wherein the transmission is adapted to a block diagonal effectivechannel.
 67. The method according to claim 65, wherein the effectivechannel is intentionally block-diagonal and wherein the transmission isadapted to an intentionally block diagonal effective channel.
 68. Themethod according to claim 65, wherein the transmission of the precodedat least one symbol stream from the first node is conducted using amulti-antenna system with a cross-polarized antenna set-up and thereception of the precoded at least one symbol stream in the second nodeis carried out via the use of a multi-antenna system, whichmulti-antenna systems result in an intentionally block diagonaleffective channel matrix.
 69. The method according to claim 65, whereinthe step of selecting a precoding matrix is performed based onmaximizing a predicted throughput in the step of receiving thetransmission of the precoded symbol stream from the first node.
 70. Themethod according to claim 65, wherein the step of selecting a precodingmatrix is performed based on maximizing the Signal to Noise Ratio thatthe second node will receive in step of receiving the precoded symbolstream from the first node.
 71. The method according to claim 65,wherein the step of selecting a precoding matrix is performed byselecting the precoding matrix from a code book.
 72. The methodaccording to claim 71, wherein the codebook comprises separate precodingmatrices for each of the respective possible transmission ranks.
 73. Themethod according to claim 65, wherein, for each transmission rank, amajority of the precoder matrices are block diagonal in the codebook.74. The method according to claim 65, wherein the step of selecting aprecoding matrix is performed by optimizing a performance relatedcriterion function over a feasible set of precoder matrices.
 75. Anarrangement in a first node, the first node being arranged to adapt amulti-antenna transmission to a second node over an effective channel,the effective channel having multiple inputs and at least one output,the first node and the second node being comprised in a wirelesscommunication system, the first node arrangement comprising: anobtaining unit configured to obtain at least one symbol stream; adetermination unit configured to determining a precoding matrix having ablock diagonal structure; a precoding unit configured to precode the atleast one symbol stream with the determined precoding matrix; and atransmission unit configured to transmit the at least one precodedsymbol stream over the effective channel to the second node.
 76. Thefirst node arrangement according to claim 75, wherein the effectivechannel comprises more than two inputs and wherein the obtaining unitfurther is configured to involve performing transmission rank adaptationin the sense of selecting the number of symbol streams to match thecharacteristics of the effective channel.
 77. The first node arrangementaccording to claim 75, wherein the number of outputs of the effectivechannel is at least two.
 78. The first node arrangement according toclaim 75, wherein the transmitted at least one precoded symbol stream isadapted to a block diagonal effective channel.
 79. The first nodearrangement according to claim 75, wherein the effective channel isintentionally block-diagonal and wherein the transmission is adapted toan intentionally block diagonal effective channel.
 80. The first nodearrangement according to claim 75, wherein transmission of the precodedat least one symbol stream in the first node is arranged to be conductedusing a multi-antenna system with a cross-polarized antenna set-upcomprised in the first node, and wherein the reception of the precodedat least one symbol streams in the second node is arranged to be carriedout via the use of a multi-antenna system comprised in the second node,which multi-antenna systems result in an intentionally block diagonaleffective channel matrix.
 81. The first node arrangement according toclaim 75, wherein the determination unit further is configured to basethe determination of the precoding matrix on a maximizing of a predictedthroughput of the transmission.
 82. The first node arrangement accordingto claim 75, wherein the determination unit further is configured tobase the determination of the precoding matrix on a maximizing of theSignal to Noise Ratio that the second node will receive when performinga transmission.
 83. The first node arrangement according to claim 75,wherein the determination unit further is configured to select theprecoding matrix from a code book.
 84. The first node arrangementaccording to claim 83, wherein the codebook comprises separate precodingmatrices for each of the respective possible transmission ranks.
 85. Thefirst node arrangement according to claim 75, wherein, for eachtransmission rank, a majority of the precoder matrices are blockdiagonal in the codebook.
 86. The first node arrangement according toclaim 75, further comprising: a receiving unit configured to receivechannel information from the second node; and wherein the determinationunit further is configured to determine the precoding matrix based onthe channel information received from the second node.
 87. Anarrangement in a second node, the second node being arranged to receivea multi-antenna transmission from a first node a over an effectivechannel, the effective channel having multiple inputs and at least oneoutput, the first node and the second node being included in a wirelesscommunication system, the second node arrangement comprising: aselecting unit configured to select a precoding matrix having a blockdiagonal structure; a conveying unit configured to convey the selectedprecoding matrix to the first node; and a receiving unit configured toreceive at least one precoded symbol stream over the effective channeltransmitted from the first node, which received at least one symbolstream is precoded with the determined precoding matrix in the firstnode.
 88. The second node arrangement according to claim 87, wherein thetransmitted at least one precoded symbol stream is adapted to a blockdiagonal effective channel matrix.
 89. The second node arrangementaccording to claim 87, wherein the effective channel is intentionallyblock-diagonal and wherein the transmission is adapted to anintentionally block diagonal effective channel matrix.
 90. The secondnode arrangement according to claim 87, wherein transmission of theprecoded at least one symbol stream in the first node is arranged to beconducted using a multi-antenna system with a cross-polarized antennaset-up comprised in the first node, and wherein reception of theprecoded at least one symbol streams in the second node is arranged tobe carried out via the use of a multi-antenna system comprised in thesecond node, which multi-antenna systems result in an intentionallyblock diagonal effective channel matrix.
 91. The second node arrangementaccording to claim 87, wherein the selecting unit further is configuredto base the selection of the precoding matrix on a maximizing of apredicted throughput of the transmission of the received at least oneprecoded symbol stream from the first node.
 92. The second nodearrangement according to claim 87, wherein the selecting unit further isconfigured to base the selection of the precoding matrix on a maximizingof the Signal to Noise Ratio that the second node will receive whenreceiving the at least one precoded symbol stream from the first node.93. The second node arrangement according to claim 87, wherein theselecting unit further is configured to select the precoding matrix froma code book.
 94. The second node arrangement according to claim 93,wherein the codebook comprises separate precoding matrices for each ofthe respective possible transmission ranks.
 95. The second nodearrangement according to claim 87, wherein, for each transmission rank,a majority of the precoder matrices are block diagonal in the codebook.96. The second node arrangement according to claim 87, wherein theselecting unit further is configured to optimize a performance relatedcriterion function over a feasible set of precoder matrices.